Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Reduced Ototoxicity

ABSTRACT

This disclosure relates generally to aminoglycoside derivatives of Formula (I) as described herein. The present disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods of treating bacterial infections by administering these compounds and pharmaceutical compositions to subjects in need thereof.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/212,964, filed Mar. 14, 2014, which claims priority to, and thebenefit of, U.S. provisional application No. 61/792,256, filed Mar. 15,2013, contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with Government support under contract DC012183awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certainrights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a well-known class of antibiotics with anestablished record of both efficacy and safety. These compounds are usedlargely for gram-negative bacteria but are also broad spectrumantibiotics with little resistance developed at this point. Patientstreated with aminoglycoside antibiotics include immune compromisedpatients, such as newborns and their mothers, and cystic fibrosispatients. Aminoglycosides are also used as preservatives.

The primary use-limiting adverse reactions associated with the class areototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. See, e.g., Rizzi and Hirose, Curr OpinOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg 15:352-357, 2007. Despite their ototoxic andnephrotoxic effects, aminoglycoside antibiotics remain one of the mostwidely used antibiotics worldwide.

Given the importance of aminoglycosides in treating multiple infections,new aminoglycosides having reduced ototoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity areneeded. The present invention addresses these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure provides, in part, novel aminoglycosidederivatives with reduced ototoxicity. In one aspect, the inventionrelates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof:

In this formula,

the

bond is a single bond or double bond;

each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted;

each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently, is H or optionallysubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each of R₃₁ and R₃₂, independently, is H or OH;

R₄₁ is H or CH₂OH; and

each of R₅₁ and R₅₂, independently, is OH, NH₂, unsubstituted mono-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or unsubstituted di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,

provided that at least one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H; further when R₁₂ isC(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a), then R_(a) is not alkyl substituted with NH₂.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a compound of Formula (I)above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

the

bond is a single bond or double bond;

each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted;

each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently, is H or optionallysubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each of R₃₁ and R₃₂, independently, is H or OH;

R₄₁ is H or CH₂OH; and

each of R₅₁ and R₅₂, independently, is OH, NH₂, unsubstituted mono-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or unsubstituted di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,

provided that at least one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H; further when R₁₂ isC(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a) and R_(a) is alkyl, then R_(a) is unsubstitutedalkyl or alkyl substituted with one or more -Q-T, wherein Q is a bond orC₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T is H, halo, cyano, —OR_(c), —C(O)R_(c),—C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c),—S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), R_(S1), —NHR_(S1), or —N(R_(S1))₂, inwhich each of R_(c) and R_(d), independently is H or R_(S2), each ofR_(S1) and R_(S2), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl; or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form a 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or1 additional heteroatom or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl.

In another aspect, the invention also provides a compound of Formula(III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein

each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted; provided that atleast one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H;

R₂₄ is H or methyl;

R₃₁ and R₃₂ are the same and are H or OH; and

R₅₁ is OH, NH₂, or NHCH₃.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and one ormore compounds selected from those of any of the Formulae describedherein.

Another aspect of this invention relates to a method of treating orpreventing a bacterial infection, such as an infection causedgram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, and/or mycobacteria. Themethod includes administering to a subject in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds selected fromthose of any of the Formulae described herein. For example, the subjectin need thereof is immunodeficient (e.g., immunosuppressed). Forexample, the subject in need thereof has intact immune responses. Forexample, the subject in need thereof is an infant, a pediatric patient,or a pregnant woman.

Unless otherwise stated, any description of a method of treatmentincludes uses of the compounds to provide such treatment or prophylaxisas is described in the specification, as well as uses of the compoundsto prepare a medicament to treat or prevent such condition. Thetreatment includes treatment of human or non-human animals includingrodents and other disease models.

Further, the invention provides a method of preparing one or morecompounds selected from those of any of the Formulae described herein.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. In the specification, thesingular forms also include the plural unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalentto those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of thepresent invention, suitable methods and materials are described below.All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference. The references citedherein are not admitted to be prior art to the claimed invention. In thecase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples areillustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. In the case ofconflict between the chemical structures and names of the compoundsdisclosed herein, the chemical structures will control.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing brief description of the drawings, detailed description, andclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are bar graphs showing antimicrobial activities of avariety of sisomicin derivatives (MS=methyl sulfonyl, PS=phenylsulfonyl, BZ=benzoyl, SiRho=rhodamine; and 1N and 3″ indicatesubstituents' position on sisomicin). The negative values reflect anarbitrary value indicating no detectable level of activity.

FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, and FIG. 2C are a series of images showing Myosin VIIstained organotypical cochlear cultures showing control (A) or samplesfollowing treatment with sisomicin (B), or sisomicin substituted withmethyl sulfonyl at the 1N position (“1N-MS sisomicin”) (C).

FIG. 3 is a summary plot of hair cell counts following treatment witheither sisomicin or 1N-MS sisomicin.

FIG. 4 is a dose response curve for the parent sisomicin and 1N-MSsisomicin from the organ tissue culture preparation. 1N-MS sisomicinshows a more than ten-fold shift in sensitivity for toxicity.

FIG. 5 is a plot of LD₅₀ values demonstrating lethal doses for sisomicinand 1N-MS sisomicin (labeled as N2 in this figure) in an animal model.

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are bar graphs demonstrating auditory brainstemresponse (ABR) (A) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAEs)(B) in an animal model treated with sisomicin or 1N-MS sisomicin(labeled as N1 in this figure) in combination with furosemide.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Previous attempts to ameliorate the toxic side effects of aminoglycosideantibiotics have met with mixed results. For example, modulating dosageplans failed to reduce toxic side effects in certain patients, assusceptibility levels vary among patients. Similarly, treatments toincrease free radical scavengers or to inhibit apoptotic pathways haveall had mixed results (see, e.g., Rybak and Ramkumar, Kidney Int72:931-935, 2007). A confounding problem has been that theaminoglycoside compounds are not metabolized by the sensory cells thatthey enter and so can result in long term toxic side effects.

In one aspect, the present invention is based in part on a recentunexpected discovery that conventional aminoglycosides (such asgentamicin) enter hair cells at high levels by passing through aspecific ion channel, i.e., the mechanically gated channel located inthe sensory hair bundle that is critical for hearing process (see, e.g.,Alharazneh et al., PLoS One 6:e22347, 2011; Huth et al., InternationalJournal of Otolaryngology, 1-19, 2011; Waguespack and Ricci, J Physiol567.2 (2005) 359-360; Farris et al., J Physiol 558:769-792, 2004; Pan etal., J Neurophysiol 107:2408-2420, 2012; and Vu et al., PLoS One 8(1):e54794, 2013). A similar mechanism for kidney cells is postulated.Accordingly, the present invention in part provides a method fordesigning novel aminoglycoside compounds that cannot enter the sensorycells and/or have enhanced ability to leave the sensory cells so thatthese modified aminoglycoside compounds cannot accumulate within thesensory cells and thus cannot cause toxicity.

In one embodiment, molecular sites of the parent aminoglycoside compoundthat are of lesser importance to the antimicrobial activity of thecompound are selected to be modified, based on crystal structures of theparent aminoglycoside compound (see, e.g., Yoshizawa et al., EMBO J17:6437-6448, 1998; Recht et al., EMBO J 18:3133-3138, 1999; Lynch andPuglisi, J Mol Biol 306:1037-1058, 2001; Sutcliffe, Curr Opin Microbiol8:534-542, 2005; and Borovinskaya et al., Nat Struct Mol Biol14:727-732, 2007). In one embodiment, the modification sites and/ormodifying substituents to those sites are selected and optimized basedon the degree of separation between EC₅₀ for antimicrobial action andLD₅₀ in terms of renal or inner ear damage. In embodiments,aminoglycoside compounds of the invention, which have greater separationbetween the EC₅₀ and LD₅₀ values, are preferred.

For example, the parent aminoglycoside compounds to be modified areselected from sisomicin, gentamicin, gentamicin C1a, gentamicin C2,gentamicin C2a, gentamicin C2b, gentamicin X, kanamycin A, kanamycin B,kanamycin C, tobramycin, verdamicin, dibekasin, netilmicin, and5-epinetilmicin.

In one embodiment, the selected sites are the amino (includingmono-alkyl amino) groups of the parent aminoglycosides. In oneembodiment, only one or two of the amino groups are modified. In oneembodiment, the selected sites include 1N-position and 3″N-position ofSee, also, —NR₁₂R₂₂ and —NR₁₁R₂₁ groups in Formula (I) described herein.In certain embodiments, aminoglycoside compounds having modification inonly one or two of the amino groups of the parent aminoglycosides areless ototoxic than the parent aminoglycosides and less toxic than thosecompounds with modifications in more than three (e.g., four, five, orall) of the amino groups of the parent aminoglycosides.

In one embodiment, these selected sites are modified to reduce netcharge or to reduce basicity of the parent aminoglycoside compound so asto reduce the driving force for it to enter the cells. In oneembodiment, these selected sites are modified to enhance sterichindrance by e.g., including one or more bulky moieties to one or moreof these sites, so that the compound as modified cannot permeate the ionchannel pore. In one embodiment, these selected sites are modified toboth reduce net charge and to enhance steric hindrance.

In one embodiment, only one of the 1N-position and 3″N-position of theparent aminoglycoside compounds is modified and the other is unchanged.In one embodiment, both the 1N-position and the 3″N-position aremodified, and one position is modified to a greater level than the otherposition in terms of steric hindrance and/or net charge reduction. Incertain embodiments, aminoglycoside compounds with great modification atonly one position of the 1N- and 3″N-positions are less ototoxic thanthe parent aminoglycosides, and are also less ototoxic than thosecompounds with great modifications at both the 1N- and 3″N-positions.

The present invention also provides novel aminoglycoside antibiotics,synthetic methods for making these compounds, pharmaceuticalcompositions containing them and various uses of the compounds.

Aminoglycoside Derivatives

In one aspect, the present invention provides the compounds of Formula(I):

wherein

the

bond is a single bond or double bond;

each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted;

each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently, is H or optionallysubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each of R₃₁ and R₃₂, independently, is H or OH;

R₄₁ is H or CH₂OH; and

each of R₅₁ and R₅₂, independently, is OH, NH₂, unsubstituted mono-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or unsubstituted di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,

provided that at least one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H; further when R₁₂ isC(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a), then R_(a) is not alkyl substituted with NH₂.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a compound of Formula (I)above or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

the

bond is a single bond or double bond;

each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted;

each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently, is H or optionallysubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each of R₃₁ and R₃₂, independently, is H or OH;

R₄₁ is H or CH₂OH; and

each of R₅₁ and R₅₂, independently, is OH, NH₂, unsubstituted mono-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or unsubstituted di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,

provided that at least one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H; further when R₁₂ isC(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a) and R_(a) is alkyl, then R_(a) is unsubstitutedalkyl or alkyl substituted with one or more -Q-T, wherein Q is a bond orC₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T is H, halo, cyano, —OR_(c), —C(O)R_(c),—C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c),—S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), R_(S1), —NHR_(S1), or —N(R_(S1))₂, inwhich each of R_(c) and R_(d), independently is H or R_(S2), each ofR_(S1) and R_(S2), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl; or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form a 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or1 additional heteroatom or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl.

A subset of compounds of Formula (I) includes those of Formula (II) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

A subset of compounds of Formula (II) includes those of Formula (IIA) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Another subset of compounds of Formula (II) includes those of Formula(IIB) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Yet another subset of compounds of Formula (II) includes those ofFormula (IIC) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

A subset of compounds of Formula (I) above includes those of Formula(IV) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein each of R₅₁ and R₅₂, independently, is OH or NH₂.

Subsets of compounds of Formula (IV) includes those of any of Formulae(IVA)-(IVE) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

In another aspect, the invention provides a compound of Formula (III) ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein

each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted; provided that oneof R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H;

R₂₄ is H or methyl;

R₃₁ and R₃₂ are the same and are H or OH; and

R₅₁ is OH, NH₂, or NHCH₃.

Subsets of compounds of Formula (III) include compounds of any ofFormulae (IIIA)-(IIIF) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

The compound of any of the Formulae above can have one or more of thefollowing features, when applicable.

For example, R₁₁ is H and R₁₂ is not H.

For example, neither of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is H.

For example, R₁₂ is H and R₁₁ is not H.

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is not alkylsubstituted with NH₂.

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a).

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is not alkylsubstituted with NH₂.

For example, each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is C(O)R_(a) orS(O)₂R_(a).

For example, one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a) and the otheris H.

For example, each of R_(a) independently is unsubstituted alkyl, alkylsubstituted by one or more halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted phenyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or optionally substituted5 to 14-membered heteroaryl.

For example, each of R_(a) independently is methyl, phenyl,2-nitrophenyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH₃, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, CCl₃, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, or—(CH₂)₆CH₃).

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is alkyl substituted by one ormore halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, e.g., —CH₂-cyclopropyl, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, or CCl₃.

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substitutedphenyl (e.g., phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl).

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl).

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl,pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl,3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, and morpholinyl, andthe like).

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 5 to14-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidyl).

For example, R₁₂ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is methyl, phenyl,2-nitrophenyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH₃, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, CCl₃, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, or—(CH₂)₆CH₃).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is alkyl substituted by one ormore halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, e.g., —CH₂-cyclopropyl, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, or CCl₃.

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substitutedphenyl (e.g., phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl,pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl,3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, and morpholinyl, andthe like).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 5 to14-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidyl).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is methyl, phenyl,2-nitrophenyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH₃, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, CCl₃, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, or—(CH₂)₆CH₃).

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is alkyl substituted by one ormore halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, e.g., —CH₂-cyclopropyl, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, or CCl₃.

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substitutedphenyl (e.g., phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl).

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl).

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl,pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl,3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, and morpholinyl, andthe like).

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 5 to14-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidyl).

For example, R₁₁ is S(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is methyl, phenyl,2-nitrophenyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH₃, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, CCl₃, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is unsubstituted alkyl (e.g.,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, or—(CH₂)₆CH₃).

For example, R₁₂ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is alkyl substituted by one ormore halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, e.g., —CH₂-cyclopropyl, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, or CCl₃.

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substitutedphenyl (e.g., phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl).

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl).

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl,pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl,3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, and morpholinyl, andthe like).

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is optionally substituted 5 to14-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, furyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidyl).

For example, R₁₁ is C(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is methyl, phenyl,2-nitrophenyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH₃, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—CF₂CF₃, CCl₃, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.

For example, each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl, eachoptionally substituted with one or more -Q-T, wherein Q is a bond orC₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T is H, halo, cyano, —OR_(c),—NR_(c)R_(d), —C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d),—NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), orR_(S1), in which each of R_(c) and R_(d), independently is H or R_(S2),each of R_(S1) and R_(S2), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- or6-membered heteroaryl; or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom towhich they are attached, form a 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 or 1 additional heteroatom.

For example, each of R_(a) independently is methyl or ethyl.

For example, each of R_(a) independently is methyl or ethyl, each ofwhich is substituted by one or more halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.

For example, each of R_(a) independently is optionally substitutedC₃-C₁₀ alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted C₃-C₁₀ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀ alkynyl,optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted 5 to10-membered heteroaryl.

For example, each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently, is H orC₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituentsselected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo, COOH,C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.

For example, each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently, is H orunsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

For example, the compound is a compound of any of Formulae(IIIA)-(IIIF).

For example, the compound is a compound of any of Formulae(IIIA)-(IIIF), wherein at least one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) orS(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is unsubstituted alkyl.

For example, the compound is a compound of any of Formulae(IIIA)-(IIIF), wherein at least one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) orS(O)₂R_(a), and R_(a) is substituted alkyl (e.g., alkyl substituted byone or more groups selected from NH₂, OH, halo, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy).

Representative compounds of the present invention include compoundslisted in Table 1, in which each of R₁₁ and R₁₂, independently is H,C(O)R′ or S(O)₂R′, in which R′ is methyl, phenyl, 2-nitrophenyl,n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, —CH₂-cyclopropyl,cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₉CH₃, —(CH₂)₆CH₃, CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, CCl₃,3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl, and at most one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is H.

TABLE 1

As used herein, “alkyl”, “C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ alkyl” or “C₁-C₆alkyl” is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ straight chain(linear) saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. For example, C₁-C₆alkyl is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl groups.Examples of alkyl include, moieties having from one to six carbon atoms,such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl,s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl or n-hexyl.

In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkyl has six orfewer carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branchedchain), and in another embodiment, a straight chain or branched alkylhas four or fewer carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated orunsaturated nonaromatic hydrocarbon mono- or multi-ring (e.g., fused,bridged, or spiro rings) system having 3 to 30 carbon atoms (e.g.,C₃-C₁₀). Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and adamantyl.The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturatednonaromatic 3-8 membered monocyclic, 7-12 membered bicyclic (fused,bridged, or spiro rings), or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system(fused, bridged, or spiro rings) having one or more heteroatoms (such asO, N, S, or Se), unless specified otherwise. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, isoindolinyl,indolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, oxiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl,thietanyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dihydropyranyl, pyranyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl,1,4-diazepanyl, 1,4-oxazepanyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl,2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl,2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl,1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanyl, 1-oxaspiro[4.5]decanyl,1-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, 3′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,1′-isobenzofuran]-yl,7′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,5′-furo[3,4-b]pyridin]-yl,3′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,1′-furo[3,4-c]pyridin]-yl, and the like.

The term “substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl having designatedsubstituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbonsof the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino,dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino(including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moiety.

An “arylalkyl” or an “aralkyl” moiety is an alkyl substituted with anaryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)). An “alkylaryl” moiety is an arylsubstituted with an alkyl (e.g., methylphenyl).

As used herein, “alkyl linker” is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅or C₆ straight chain (linear) saturated divalent aliphatic hydrocarbongroups and C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbongroups. For example, C₁-C₆ alkyl linker is intended to include C₁, C₂,C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ alkyl linker groups. Examples of alkyl linker include,moieties having from one to six carbon atoms, such as, but not limitedto, methyl (—CH₂—), ethyl (—CH₂CH₂—), n-propyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), i-propyl(—CHCH₃CH₂—), n-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), s-butyl (—CHCH₃CH₂CH₂—), i-butyl(—C(CH₃)₂CH₂—), n-pentyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), s-pentyl(—CHCH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—) or n-hexyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—).

“Alkenyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length andpossible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain atleast one double bond. For example, the term “alkenyl” includes straightchain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl,hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl), and branched alkenylgroups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkenylgroup has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ forstraight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term “C₂-C₆” includesalkenyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms. The term “C₃-C₆”includes alkenyl groups containing three to six carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl having designatedsubstituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or morehydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms. Such substituents can include, forexample, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino,dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino(including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic orheteroaromatic moiety.

“Alkynyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length andpossible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which containat least one triple bond. For example, “alkynyl” includes straight chainalkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl,heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl), and branched alkynyl groups. Incertain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkynyl group has sixor fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain,C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term “C₂-C₆” includes alkynyl groupscontaining two to six carbon atoms. The term “C₃-C₆” includes alkynylgroups containing three to six carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl having designatedsubstituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or morehydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms. Such substituents can include, forexample, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino,dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino(including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moiety.

“Aryl” includes groups with aromaticity, including “conjugated,” ormulticyclic systems with at least one aromatic ring and do not containany heteroatom in the ring structure. Examples include phenyl, benzyl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, etc.

“Heteroaryl” groups are aryl groups, as defined above, except havingfrom one to four heteroatoms in the ring structure, and may also bereferred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics.” As used herein,the term “heteroaryl” is intended to include a stable 5-, 6-, or7-membered monocyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- or 12-membered bicyclicaromatic heterocyclic ring which consists of carbon atoms and one ormore heteroatoms, e.g., 1 or 1-2 or 1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5 or 1-6heteroatoms, or e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 heteroatoms, independentlyselected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Thenitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR whereinR is H or other substituents, as defined). The nitrogen and sulfurheteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), wherep=1 or 2). It is to be noted that total number of S and O atoms in thearomatic heterocycle is not more than 1.

Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrrole, furan, thiophene,thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole,oxazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and thelike.

Furthermore, the terms “aryl” and “heteroaryl” include multicyclic aryland heteroaryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g., naphthalene,benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole,benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline,naphthrydine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine,indolizine.

In the case of multicyclic aromatic rings, only one of the rings needsto be aromatic (e.g., 2,3-dihydroindole), although all of the rings maybe aromatic (e.g., quinoline). The second ring can also be fused orbridged.

The cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring can besubstituted at one or more ring positions (e.g., the ring-forming carbonor heteroatom such as N) with such substituents as described above, forexample, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy,alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (includingalkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Aryl and heteroarylgroups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclicrings, which are not aromatic so as to form a multicyclic system (e.g.,tetralin, methylenedioxyphenyl).

As used herein, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic ring” is intended toinclude any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having thespecified number of carbons, any of which may be saturated, unsaturated,or aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl. For example, aC₃-C₁₄ carbocycle is intended to include a monocyclic, bicyclic ortricyclic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 carbonatoms. Examples of carbocycles include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl,cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl,indanyl, adamantyl and tetrahydronaphthyl. Bridged rings are alsoincluded in the definition of carbocycle, including, for example,[3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, and [4.4.0] bicyclodecaneand [2.2.2] bicyclooctane. A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbonatoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. In one embodiment, bridgerings are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge alwaysconverts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring isbridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present onthe bridge. Fused (e.g., naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl) and spiro ringsare also included.

As used herein, “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic group” includes any ringstructure (saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic) which contains at leastone ring heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S). Heterocycle includesheterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl. Examples of heterocycles include, butare not limited to, morpholine, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrothiophene,piperidine, piperazine, oxetane, pyran, tetrahydropyran, azetidine, andtetrahydrofuran.

Examples of heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl,benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl,chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl,isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl,isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl,naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazol5(4H)-one, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl,pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl,piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl,pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl,quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl,1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl,thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl,thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl,1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl and xanthenyl.

The term “substituted,” as used herein, means that any one or morehydrogen atoms on the designated atom is replaced with a selection fromthe indicated groups, provided that the designated atom's normal valencyis not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.When a substituent is oxo or keto (i.e., ═O), then 2 hydrogen atoms onthe atom are replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromaticmoieties. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that areformed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N or N═N). “Stablecompound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound thatis sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purityfrom a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeuticagent.

Other substituted moieties (such as substituted cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl) include moieties having one ormore of the designated substituents. For example, substitutedheterocycloalkyl includes those substituted with one or more alkylgroups, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl and2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting twoatoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in thering. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via whichsuch substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a givenformula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in suchformula. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible,but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

When any variable (e.g., R) occurs more than one time in any constituentor formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence isindependent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, forexample, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 R moieties, thenthe group may optionally be substituted with up to two R moieties and Rat each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R.Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, butonly if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” includes groups with an —OH or —O⁻.

As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo andiodo. The term “perhalogenated” generally refers to a moiety wherein allhydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. The term “haloalkyl” or“haloalkoxyl” refers to an alkyl or alkoxyl substituted with one or morehalogen atoms.

The term “carbonyl” includes compounds and moieties which contain acarbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom. Examples ofmoieties containing a carbonyl include, but are not limited to,aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc.

The term “carboxyl” refers to —COOH or its C₁-C₆ alkyl ester.

“Acyl” includes moieties that contain the acyl radical (R—C(O)—) or acarbonyl group. “Substituted acyl” includes acyl groups where one ormore of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by, for example, alkyl groups,alkynyl groups, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates,alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moiety.

“Aroyl” includes moieties with an aryl or heteroaromatic moiety bound toa carbonyl group. Examples of aroyl groups include phenylcarboxy,naphthyl carboxy, etc.

“Alkoxyalkyl,” “alkylaminoalkyl,” and “thioalkoxyalkyl” include alkylgroups, as described above, wherein oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atomsreplace one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkoxyl” includes substituted and unsubstitutedalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom.Examples of alkoxy groups or alkoxyl radicals include, but are notlimited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy and pentoxygroups. Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxygroups. The alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such asalkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates,alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxygroups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy and trichloromethoxy.

The term “ether” or “alkoxy” includes compounds or moieties whichcontain an oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms. Forexample, the term includes “alkoxyalkyl,” which refers to an alkyl,alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which iscovalently bonded to an alkyl group.

The term “ester” includes compounds or moieties which contain a carbonor a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon ofa carbonyl group. The term “ester” includes alkoxycarboxy groups such asmethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl,pentoxycarbonyl, etc.

The term “thioalkyl” includes compounds or moieties which contain analkyl group connected with a sulfur atom. The thioalkyl groups can besubstituted with groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, carboxyacid, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, amino (includingalkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties.

The term “thiocarbonyl” or “thiocarboxy” includes compounds and moietieswhich contain a carbon connected with a double bond to a sulfur atom.

The term “thioether” includes moieties which contain a sulfur atombonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms. Examples of thioethersinclude, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls, andalkthioalkynyls. The term “alkthioalkyls” include moieties with analkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom which is bondedto an alkyl group. Similarly, the term “alkthioalkenyls” refers tomoieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is bonded to asulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkenyl group; andalkthioalkynyls” refers to moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to analkynyl group.

As used herein, “amine” or “amino” refers to unsubstituted orsubstituted —NH₂. “Alkylamino” includes groups of compounds whereinnitrogen of —NH₂ is bound to at least one alkyl group. Examples ofalkylamino groups include benzylamino, methylamino, ethylamino,phenethylamino, etc. “Dialkylamino” includes groups wherein the nitrogenof —NH₂ is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups. Examples ofdialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino anddiethylamino. “Arylamino” and “diarylamino” include groups wherein thenitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively.“Aminoaryl” and “aminoaryloxy” refer to aryl and aryloxy substitutedwith amino. “Alkylarylamino,” “alkylaminoaryl” or “arylaminoalkyl”refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group andat least one aryl group. “Alkaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, oralkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkylgroup. “Acylamino” includes groups wherein nitrogen is bound to an acylgroup. Examples of acylamino include, but are not limited to,alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido groups.

The term “amide” or “aminocarboxy” includes compounds or moieties thatcontain a nitrogen atom that is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or athiocarbonyl group. The term includes “alkaminocarboxy” groups thatinclude alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group whichis bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. It alsoincludes “arylaminocarboxy” groups that include aryl or heteroarylmoieties bound to an amino group that is bound to the carbon of acarbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. The terms “alkylaminocarboxy”,“alkenylaminocarboxy”, “alkynylaminocarboxy” and “arylaminocarboxy”include moieties wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl moieties,respectively, are bound to a nitrogen atom which is in turn bound to thecarbon of a carbonyl group. Amides can be substituted with substituentssuch as straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl or heterocycle. Substituents on amide groups may be furthersubstituted.

Compounds of the present invention that contain nitrogens can beconverted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g.,3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) and/or hydrogen peroxides) to affordother compounds of the present invention. Thus, all shown and claimednitrogen-containing compounds are considered, when allowed by valencyand structure, to include both the compound as shown and its N-oxidederivative (which can be designated as N→O or N⁺—O⁻). Furthermore, inother instances, the nitrogens in the compounds of the present inventioncan be converted to N-hydroxy or N-alkoxy compounds. For example,N-hydroxy compounds can be prepared by oxidation of the parent amine byan oxidizing agent such as m-CPBA. All shown and claimednitrogen-containing compounds are also considered, when allowed byvalency and structure, to cover both the compound as shown and itsN-hydroxy (i.e., N—OH) and N-alkoxy (i.e., N—OR, wherein R issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl,3-14-membered carbocycle or 3-14-membered heterocycle) derivatives.

In the present specification, the structural formula of the compoundrepresents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but thepresent invention includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers,optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers,tautomers, and the like, it being understood that not all isomers mayhave the same level of activity. In addition, a crystal polymorphism maybe present for the compounds represented by the formula. It is notedthat any crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydrate or hydratethereof is included in the scope of the present invention. Furthermore,so-called metabolite which is produced by degradation of the presentcompound in vivo is included in the scope of the present invention.

“Isomerism” means compounds that have identical molecular formulae butdiffer in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangementof their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of theiratoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Stereoisomers that are notmirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers,” andstereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each otherare termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers. A mixturecontaining equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of oppositechirality is termed a “racemic mixture.”

A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a“chiral center.”

“Chiral isomer” means a compound with at least one chiral center.Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as anindividual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed“diastereomeric mixture.” When one chiral center is present, astereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S)of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangementin space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. Thesubstituents attached to the chiral center under consideration areranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog.(Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahnet al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951(London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J. Chem.Educ. 1964, 41, 116).

“Geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence tohindered rotation about double bonds or a cycloalkyl linker (e.g.,1,3-cylcobutyl). These configurations are differentiated in their namesby the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that thegroups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in themolecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.

It is to be understood that the compounds of the present invention maybe depicted as different chiral isomers or geometric isomers. It shouldalso be understood that when compounds have chiral isomeric or geometricisomeric forms, all isomeric forms are intended to be included in thescope of the present invention, and the naming of the compounds does notexclude any isomeric forms, it being understood that not all isomers mayhave the same level of activity.

Furthermore, the structures and other compounds discussed in thisinvention include all atropic isomers thereof, it being understood thatnot all atropic isomers may have the same level of activity. “Atropicisomers” are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomersare arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existenceto a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groupsabout a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture,however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques, ithas been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in selectcases.

“Tautomer” is one of two or more structural isomers that exist inequilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another.This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atomaccompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomersexist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solutions wheretautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomerswill be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on severalfactors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomersthat are interconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.

Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonlyobserved. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons anda hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of thealdehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of thehydroxy groups (—OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic(ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose.

Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim,amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g., innucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), imine-enamine andenamine-enamine.

It is to be understood that the compounds of the present invention maybe depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood thatwhen compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intendedto be included in the scope of the present invention, and the naming ofthe compounds does not exclude any tautomer form. It will be understoodthat certain tautomers may have a higher level of activity than others.

The term “crystal polymorphs”, “polymorphs” or “crystal forms” meanscrystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof)can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of whichhave the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usuallyhave different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, meltingpoints, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electricalproperties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate ofcrystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause onecrystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can beprepared by crystallization under different conditions.

The compounds of any Formula described herein include the compoundsthemselves, as well as their salts, their solvates, and their prodrugs,if applicable. A salt, for example, can be formed between an anion and apositively charged group (e.g., amino) on an aminoglycoside compound.Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate,sulfamate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate,trifluoroacetate, glutamate, glucuronate, glutarate, malate, maleate,succinate, fumarate, tartrate, tosylate, salicylate, lactate,naphthalenesulfonate, and acetate (e.g., trifluoroacetate). The term“pharmaceutically acceptable anion” refers to an anion suitable forforming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Likewise, a salt can also beformed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g.,carboxylate) on an aminoglycoside compound. Suitable cations includesodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammoniumcation such as tetramethylammonium ion. The aminoglycoside compoundsalso include those salts containing quaternary nitrogen atoms.

Examples of prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceuticallyacceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, arecapable of providing active aminoglycoside compounds.

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, thesalts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (theanhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimitingexamples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimitingexamples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvate” means solvent addition forms that contain eitherstoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compoundshave a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in thecrystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is waterthe solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, thesolvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combinationof one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance inwhich the water retains its molecular state as H₂O.

As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a chemical compound that isstructurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (asin the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or inthe presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of onefunctional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is acompound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance, butnot in structure or origin to the reference compound.

As defined herein, the term “derivative” refers to compounds that have acommon core structure, and are substituted with various groups asdescribed herein. For example, all of the compounds represented byFormula (I) are aminoglycoside compounds, and have Formula (I) as acommon core.

The term “bioisostere” refers to a compound resulting from the exchangeof an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom orgroup of atoms. The objective of a bioisosteric replacement is to createa new compound with similar biological properties to the parentcompound. The bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically ortopologically based. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include,but are not limited to, acyl sulfonimides, tetrazoles, sulfonates andphosphonates. See, e.g., Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176,1996.

The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms havingthe same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of generalexample and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium anddeuterium, and isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.

Syntheses of Aminoglycoside Derivatives

The present invention provides methods for the synthesis of thecompounds of any of the Formulae described herein. The present inventionalso provides detailed methods for the synthesis of various disclosedcompounds of the present invention according to the following schemes asshown in the Examples.

Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having,including, or comprising specific components, it is contemplated thatcompositions also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recitedcomponents. Similarly, where methods or processes are described ashaving, including, or comprising specific process steps, the processesalso consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processingsteps. Further, it should be understood that the order of steps or orderfor performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the inventionremains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can beconducted simultaneously.

The synthetic processes of the invention can tolerate a wide variety offunctional groups, therefore various substituted starting materials canbe used. The processes generally provide the desired final compound ator near the end of the overall process, although it may be desirable incertain instances to further convert the compound to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a variety of waysusing commercially available starting materials, compounds known in theliterature, or from readily prepared intermediates, by employingstandard synthetic methods and procedures either known to those skilledin the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light ofthe teachings herein. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for thepreparation of organic molecules and functional group transformationsand manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientificliterature or from standard textbooks in the field. Although not limitedto any one or several sources, classic texts such as Smith, M. B.,March, J., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms,and Structure, 5^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001;Greene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999; R. Larock,Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); L. Fieserand M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, JohnWiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagentsfor Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), incorporated byreference herein, are useful and recognized reference textbooks oforganic synthesis known to those in the art. The following descriptionsof synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not to limit,general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the presentinvention.

One of ordinary skill in the art will note that, during the reactionsequences and synthetic schemes described herein, the order of certainsteps may be changed, such as the introduction and removal of protectinggroups.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that certain groups mayrequire protection from the reaction conditions via the use ofprotecting groups. Protecting groups may also be used to differentiatesimilar functional groups in molecules. A list of protecting groups andhow to introduce and remove these groups can be found in Greene, T. W.,Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition,John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999.

Preferred protecting groups include, but are not limited to:

For a hydroxyl moiety: TBS, benzyl, THP, Ac

For carboxylic acids: benzyl ester, methyl ester, ethyl ester, allylester

For amines: Cbz, BOC, DMB

For diols: Ac (×2) TBS (×2), or when taken together acetonides

For aldehydes: di-alkyl acetals such as dimethoxy acetal or diethylacetyl.

In the reaction schemes described herein, multiple stereoisomers may beproduced. When no particular stereoisomer is indicated, it is understoodto mean all possible stereoisomers that could be produced from thereaction. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that thereactions can be optimized to give one isomer preferentially, or newschemes may be devised to produce a single isomer. If mixtures areproduced, techniques such as preparative thin layer chromatography,preparative HPLC, preparative chiral HPLC, or preparative SFC may beused to separate the isomers.

In Schemes 1-5 below, variables R₁₁ and R₁₂ are as defined herein andeach of P₁, P₂, P₃, and P₄ is an amine protecting groups, e.g. Boc, CBz,PNZ, Nosyl, Ac, CHO, and CO₂Me. They can be the same or different.Suitable conditions for the amine-protection and deprotection steps asshown in the schemes below can be found in, e.g., Greene, T. W., Wuts,P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, JohnWiley & Sons: New York, 1999, WO2009067692, WO2010132839, WO 2010132777,WO2010132770, and WO 2010147836.

The following abbreviations are used throughout the specification andare defined below:

Ac acetyl

BOC tert-butoxy carbonyl

CBz benzyloxycarbonyl

DMB 2,4 dimethoxybenzyl

Nosyl 2- or 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl

PNZ p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl

TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl

THP Tetrahydropyranyl

Scheme 1 below shows some general routes as to synthesizing dibekacinderivatives with modification(s) at the 1N and/or 3″N positions.

Scheme 2 below shows some general routes as to synthesizing gentamicinderivatives with modification(s) at the 1N and/or 3″N positions.

Scheme 3 below shows some general routes as to synthesizing kanamycinderivatives with modification(s) at the 1N and/or 3″N positions.

Scheme 4 below shows some general routes as to synthesizing sisomicinderivatives with modification(s) at the 1N and/or 3″N positions.

Scheme 5 below shows some general routes as to synthesizing tobramycinderivatives with modification(s) at the 1N and/or 3″N positions.

Different salt forms of the aminoglycosides of the invention can beprepared. For example, sulfate salts of the aminoglycosides of theinvention can be prepared by the following methods. A non-sulfate salt(e.g., TFA salt of the aminoglycoside) is dissolved in a solvent such aswater. Then, a base, e.g., NH₄OH is added to raise the pH to about 7.Ammonium sulfate is added. Then the solution is added dropwise to asufficient amount anti-solvent (e.g., methanol), while, e.g., vigorouslystirring the anti-solvent, to precipitate the desired sulfate salt. Theresulting solid can be isolated in portions (e.g., 1 mL resultingmixture to a centrifuge tube at a time) by centrifugation, and rinsedwith, e.g., methanol.

Pharmaceutical Composition and Administration

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a compound of any of the Formulae described herein, incombination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient orcarrier, for use in the treatment, amelioration, or prevention of abacterial infection.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the compoundsof the present invention in a form suitable for administration to asubject.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to thosecompounds, materials, compositions, carriers, and/or dosage forms whichare, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use incontact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessivetoxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem orcomplication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that isuseful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe,non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, andincludes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well ashuman pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” asused in the specification and claims includes both one and more than onesuch excipient.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. A variety ofroutes are contemplated, including but not limited to, intravenous,intramuscular, topical, oral, pulmonary, rectal, parenteral,intradermal, transdermal, transmucosal, subcutaneousintraperitoneal,inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural, intranasal, and thelike.

For the purposes of administration, the aminoglycosides of the presentinvention may be administered as a raw chemical or may be formulated aspharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions of the presentinvention comprise an aminoglycoside and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, diluent or excipient. The antibacterial activity ofaminoglycosides and compounds of any of the Formulae disclosed hereinfor various bacteria can be determined by one skilled in the art, forexample, as described in the Examples below. Appropriate concentrationsand dosages can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

Administration of aminoglycosides, in pure form or in an appropriatepharmaceutical composition, can be carried out via any of the acceptedmodes of administration of agents for serving similar utilities. Thepharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be prepared bycombining a compound of the invention with an appropriatepharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and may beformulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseousforms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments,solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, gels, microspheres, andaerosols. Typical routes of administering such pharmaceuticalcompositions include, without limitation, oral, topical, transdermal,inhalation, parenteral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, andintranasal. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneousinjections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection orinfusion techniques. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention areformulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to bebioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient.Compositions that will be administered to a subject or patient take theform of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet may be asingle dosage unit, and a container of a compound of the invention inaerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units. Actual methods ofpreparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to thoseskilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy andScience, 2000).

The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a liquid, forexample, an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquidmay be for oral administration or for delivery by injection, as twoexamples. In a composition intended to be administered by injection, oneor more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent,suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposablesyringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Physiologicalsaline is a preferred adjuvant. An injectable pharmaceutical compositionis preferably sterile.

The aminoglycosides, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, areadministered in a therapeutically effective amount, which will varydepending upon a variety of factors including the activity of thespecific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of actionof the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet ofthe patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion;the drug combination; the severity of the particular disorder orcondition; and the subject undergoing therapy. Aminoglycosides, orpharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, may also beadministered simultaneously with, prior to, or after administration ofone or more other therapeutic agents. Such combination therapy includesadministration of a single pharmaceutical dosage formulation whichcontains an aminoglycoside and one or more additional active agents, aswell as administration of the aminoglycoside and each active agent inits own separate pharmaceutical dosage formulation.

Pharmaceutical carriers suitable for administration of the compounds andbiologics provided herein include any such carriers known to thoseskilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode ofadministration including those described herein. The compounds may beformulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in thecomposition or may be combined with other active ingredients.

Compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein may be suitablefor oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual),vaginal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intraocular, intratracheal,intracisternal, intraperitoneal, and epidural) administration.

The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form andmay be prepared by conventional pharmaceutical techniques. Suchtechniques include the step of bringing into association one or morecompositions provided herein and one or more pharmaceutical carriers orexcipients.

The compounds can be formulated into suitable pharmaceuticalpreparations such as solutions, suspensions, tablets, dispersibletablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations orelixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutions or suspensionsfor parenteral administration, as well as transdermal patch preparationand dry powder inhalers. In one embodiment, the compounds describedabove are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniquesand procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel Introduction toPharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Fourth Edition 1985, 126).

In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compoundsor pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof may be mixed with oneor more suitable pharmaceutical carriers. The compounds may bederivatized as the corresponding salts, esters, enol ethers or esters,acetals, ketals, orthoesters, hemiacetals, hemiketals, acids, bases,solvates, hydrates or prodrugs prior to formulation. The concentrationsof the compounds in the compositions are effective for delivery of anamount, upon administration, that treats, prevents, or ameliorates oneor more of the symptoms of the target disease or disorder. In oneembodiment, the compositions are formulated for single dosageadministration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction ofcompound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in aselected carrier at an effective concentration such that the treatedcondition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms areameliorated.

Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented asdiscrete units such as, but not limited to, tablets, caplets, pills ordragees capsules, or cachets, each containing a predetermined amount ofone or more of the compositions; as a powder or granules; as a solutionor a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as anoil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion or as a bolus,etc.

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, beprepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing an activecompound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in acarrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose,glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution orsuspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to beadministered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliarysubstances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizingagents, pH buffering agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and thelike, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrin derivatives,sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamineoleate, and other such agents. Methods of preparing such dosage formsare known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; forexample, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack PublishingCompany, Easton, Pa., 15th Edition, 1975.

Compositions of the present invention suitable for topicaladministration in the mouth include for example, lozenges, having theingredients in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia ortragacanth; pastilles, having one or more of the compositions of thepresent invention in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, orsucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes, having one or more of thecompositions of the present invention administered in a suitable liquidcarrier.

The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain one ormore of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: abinder; a lubricant; a diluent; a glidant; a disintegrating agent; acoloring agent; a sweetening agent; a flavoring agent; a wetting agent;an emetic coating; and a film coating. Examples of binders includemicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acaciamucilage, gelatin solution, molasses, polvinylpyrrolidine, povidone,crospovidones, sucrose and starch paste. Lubricants include talc,starch, magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid.Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin, salt,mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are not limitedto, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents includecrosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, cornstarch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar andcarboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agents include, for example, any of theapproved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof; andwater insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate. Sweeteningagents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweeteningagents such as saccharin, and any number of spray dried flavors.Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such asfruits and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasantsensation, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate.Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitanmonooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene lauralether. Emetic-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac,ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Film coatingsinclude hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.

Compositions suitable for topical administration to the skin may bepresented as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes, having one or more ofthe compositions administered in a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier.

Compositions for rectal administration may be presented as a suppositorywith a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or asalicylate.

Compositions suitable for nasal administration, when the carrier is asolid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, inthe range of 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner inwhich snuff is taken, (i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasalpassage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose). Whenthe carrier is a liquid (for example, a nasal spray or as nasal drops),one or more of the compositions can be admixed in an aqueous or oilysolution, and inhaled or sprayed into the nasal passage.

Compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulationscontaining one or more of the compositions and appropriate carriers.

Compositions suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants,buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulationisotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous andnon-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents andthickening agents. The compositions may be presented in unit-dose ormulti-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may bestored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only theaddition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water forinjections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutionsand suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, andtablets of the kind previously described above.

Pharmaceutical organic or inorganic solid or liquid carrier mediasuitable for enteral or parenteral administration can be used tofabricate the compositions. Gelatin, lactose, starch, magnesiumstearate, talc, vegetable and animal fats and oils, gum, polyalkyleneglycol, water, or other known carriers may all be suitable as carriermedia.

Additionally, the compositions may be combined with pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients, and, optionally, sustained-release matrices, suchas biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions.

Compositions are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease ofadministration and uniformity of dosage. “Dosage unit form” as usedherein refers to a physically discrete unit of the compositionappropriate for the host to be treated. Each dosage should contain thequantity of composition calculated to produce the desired therapeuticaffect either as such, or in association with the selectedpharmaceutical carrier medium.

Exemplary unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose orunit, daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of theadministered ingredient. The dosage will depend on host factors such asweight, age, surface area, metabolism, tissue distribution, absorptionrate and excretion rate.

The therapeutically effective dose level will depend on many factors asnoted above. In addition, it is well within the skill of the art tostart doses of the composition at relatively low levels, and increasethe dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

Compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein may be used with asustained-release matrix, which can be made of materials, usuallypolymers, which are degradable by enzymatic or acid-based hydrolysis orby dissolution. Once inserted into the body, the matrix is acted upon byenzymes and body fluids. A sustained-release matrix for example ischosen from biocompatible materials such as liposomes, polylactides(polylactic acid), polyglycolide (polymer of glycolic acid), polylactideco-glycolide (copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid),polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polypeptides, hyaluronic acid,collagen, chondroitin sulfate, carboxcylic acids, fatty acids,phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, polyamino acids, aminoacids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, polynucleotides,polyvinyl propylene, polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicone. A preferredbiodegradable matrix is a matrix of one of either polylactide,polyglycolide, or polylactide co-glycolide (co-polymers of lactic acidand glycolic acid).

The compounds may also be administered in the form of liposomes. As isknown in the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids orother lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellarhydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Anynon-toxic, physiologically-acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable offorming liposomes can be used. The liposome can contain, in addition toone or more compositions of the present invention, stabilizers,preservatives, excipients, and the like. Examples of lipids are thephospholipids and the phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins), both naturaland synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art.

The compounds may be formulated as aerosols for application, such as byinhalation. These formulations for administration to the respiratorytract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, oras a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with aninert carrier such as lactose. In such a case, the particles of theformulation will, in one embodiment, have diameters of less than 50microns, in one embodiment less than 10 microns.

The compound or composition is present in the pharmaceutical compositionin an amount which is effective to treat a particular disease orcondition of interest, that is, in an amount sufficient to treat abacterial infection, and preferably with acceptable toxicity to thepatient. The antibacterial activity of the compounds and compositionsdisclosed herein can be determined by one skilled in the art, forexample, as described in the Examples below. Appropriate concentrationsand dosages can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. Thecompounds and compositions disclosed herein possess antibacterialactivity against a wide spectrum of gram positive and gram negativebacteria, as well as enterobacteria and anaerobes. Representativesusceptible organisms generally include those gram positive and gramnegative, aerobic and anaerobic organisms whose growth can be inhibitedby the compounds and compositions disclosed herein such asStaphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Sarcina, Escherichia,Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium,Proteus, Campylobacter, Citrobacter, Nisseria, Baccillus, Bacteroides,Peptococcus, Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, Haemophilus,Brucella, Francisella, Anthracis, Yersinia, Corynebacterium, Moraxella,Enterococcus, and other organisms. For example, representative bacterialinfections that may treated according to methods of the inventioninclude, but are not limited to, infections of: Bacillus anthracis;Enterococcus faecalis; Corynebacterium; diphtheriae; Escherichia coli;Streptococcus coelicolor; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptobacillusmoniliformis; Streptococcus agalactiae; Streptococcus pneumoniae;Salmonella typhi; Salmonella paratyphi; Salmonella schottmulleri;Salmonella hirshfeldii; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcusaureus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Legionella pneumophila; Helicobacterpylori; Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumonia; Mycobacteriumtuberculosis; Mycobacterium leprae; Yersinia enter ocolitica; Yersiniapestis; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Rickettsia prowazekii;Rickettsia rickettsii; Rickettsia akari; Clostridium difficile;Clostridium tetani; Clostridium perfringens; Clostridium novyii;Clostridium septicum; Clostridium botulinum; Legionella pneumophila;Hemophilus influenzae; Hemophilus parainfluenzae; Hemophilus aegyptus;Chlamydia psittaci; Chlamydia trachomatis; Bordetella pertusis; Shigellaspp.; Campylobacter jejuni; Proteus spp.; Citrobacter spp.; Enterobacterspp.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Propionibacterium spp.; Bacillusanthracis; Pseudomonas syringae; Spirrilum minus; Neisseriameningitidis; Listeria monocytogenes; Neisseria gonorrheae; Treponemapallidum; Francisella tularensis; Brucella spp.; Borrelia recurrentis;Borrelia hermsii; Borrelia turicatae; Borrelia burgdorferi;Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Methicillin-resistantStaphyloccus aureus; Vancomycin non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus;Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus; drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa(such as, for example, doripenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa,imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cefepime resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa, and piperacillin/tazobactam resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa); and multi-drag resistant bacteria (e.g.,bacteria that are resistant to more than 1, more than 2, more than 3, ormore than 4 different drugs).

The compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, prodrugs, metabolites, polymorphs or solvates thereof, have beenor will be tested in one or more in vitro or in vivo biological assays,in order to determine if these compounds are likely to elicit a desiredbiological or medical response in a cell, tissue, system, animal orhuman that is being sought by a researcher or clinician. The biologicalor medical response can be the treatment of a bacterial infection withlittle or no ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. The biological response oreffect can also include a change in bacterial growth that occurs invitro or in an animal model, as well as other biological changes thatare observable in vitro. In vitro or in vivo biological assays caninclude, but are not limited to, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test(MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) Test, Auditory brainstemresponses (ABR), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs),ototoxicity test described in, e.g., Alharazneh et al., 2011, and theassays described herein.

For example, an ototoxicity test that can be used includes the steps of(1) treating organ of corti cultures with a compound of the inventionand a parent aminoglycoside compound for a certain period of time (e.g.,1 hour), respectively; (2) washing and then culturing the treated tissuefor some period of time (e.g., 2 days); (3) fixing and staining thetissue so that hair cell counts can be obtained; and (4) comparing thehair cell counts between the tissue treated by the compound of theinvention and the tissue treated by the parent aminoglyco side compound.

For example, a mouse model is developed for ototoxicity analysis. Testcompound, combined with furosemide as co-treatment, is administered tothe mice. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) as well as distortionproduct otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) is measured prior to treatmentsand 1 week following a single high dose of test compound administeredintraperitoneally concomitantly with a single dose of furosemide. Dataare then collected and analyzed.

Compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein may be used incombination with other compositions and/or procedures for the treatmentof the conditions described herein.

Combination Therapy

The method of treating the patient may involve administering, inaddition to the aminoglycoside compounds of the invention, at least oneadditional active agent, such as a second antibacterial agent, e.g.,daptomycin (DAP), ceftobiprole (BPR), or linezolid (LZD).

In one embodiment, the additional active agent comprises the parentaminoglycoside compounds. In certain embodiments, one or moreaminoglycoside compounds of the invention (e.g., sisomicin derivativesor gentamicin derivatives), when co-administered with the parentaminoglycoside (e.g., sisomicin or gentamicin, respectively), reduce thetoxic (e.g., ototoxic or nephrotoxic) effects of the parentaminoglycoside, regardless of the antibacterial activity of theaminoglycoside derivatives.

As used herein, “combination therapy” or “co-therapy” includes theadministration of a compound of the present invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph orsolvate thereof, and at least a second agent as part of a specifictreatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from theco-action of these therapeutic agents. The beneficial effect of thecombination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of therapeuticagents. Administration of these therapeutic agents in combinationtypically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes,hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).“Combination therapy” may be, but generally is not, intended toencompass the administration of two or more of these therapeutic agentsas part of separate monotherapy regimens that incidentally andarbitrarily result in the combinations of the present invention.

“Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of thesetherapeutic agents in a sequential manner, wherein each therapeuticagent is administered at a different time, as well as administration ofthese therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, ina substantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneousadministration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to thesubject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agentor in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of eachtherapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including,but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscularroutes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. Thetherapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by differentroutes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combinationselected may be administered by intravenous injection while the othertherapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administeredorally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenousinjection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administeredis not narrowly critical.

In one embodiment, the aminoglycoside compounds of the invention can beused concurrently with known aminoglycosides to reduce ototoxicity ofthe known compounds.

“Combination therapy” also embraces the administration of thetherapeutic agents as described above in further combination with otherbiologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery orphysical therapy). Where the combination therapy further comprises anon-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment may be conducted at anysuitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of thecombination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment isachieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect isstill achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed fromthe administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or evenweeks.

As used herein, “monotherapy” refers to the administration of a singleactive or therapeutic compound to a subject in need thereof. Preferably,monotherapy will involve administration of a therapeutically effectiveamount of an active compound. Monotherapy may be contrasted withcombination therapy, in which a combination of multiple active compoundsis administered, preferably with each component of the combinationpresent in a therapeutically effective amount. Monotherapy with acompound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, may be moreeffective than combination therapy in inducing a desired biologicaleffect.

As used herein, “treating” or “treat” describes the management and careof a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, ordisorder and includes the administration of a compound of the presentinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite,polymorph or solvate thereof, to alleviate the symptoms or complicationsof a disease, condition or disorder, or to eliminate the disease,condition or disorder. The term “treat” can also include treatment of acell in vitro or an animal model.

A compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, can or may alsobe used to prevent a bacterial infection. As used herein, “preventing”or “prevent” describes reducing or eliminating the onset of the symptomsor complications of such disease, condition or disorder.

As used herein, a “subject” is interchangeable with a “subject in needthereof”, both of which refers to a subject having a bacterial infectionor a subject having an increased risk of developing such infectionrelative to the population at large such as immunosuppressed patients. A“subject” includes a mammal. The mammal can be e.g., a human orappropriate non-human mammal, such as primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat,cow, horse, goat, camel, sheep or a pig. The subject can also be a birdor fowl. In one embodiment, the mammal is a human. For example, asubject is an infant, a pediatric patient, or a pregnant woman.

All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. However, where apatent, patent application, or publication containing expressdefinitions is incorporated by reference, those express definitionsshould be understood to apply to the incorporated patent, patentapplication, or publication in which they are found, and not to theremainder of the text of this application, in particular the claims ofthis application.

All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, areby weight. Other features and advantages of the present invention areapparent from the different examples. The provided examples illustratedifferent components and methodology useful in practicing the presentinvention. The examples do not limit the claimed invention. Based on thepresent disclosure the skilled artisan can identify and employ othercomponents and methodology useful for practicing the present invention.

EXAMPLES Preparative Examples Sisomicin

Amberlite IRA-400 (OH form) (1200 g) was washed with MeOH (3×1200 ml).To a stirring suspension of the washed resin in MeOH (900 mL) was addedsisomicin sulfate (120.0 g) and the mixture was stirred 2 days. Theresin was then filtered and washed with MeOH (600 mL) and the combinedorganic layers were concentrated to dryness to yield the desiredsisomicin (60 g).

PNZ-Protective Group

To a stirring solution of 4-nitrobenzyl chloroformate (27.40 g) in THF(500 mL) at 0° C. was added N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide(22.76), followed by the dropwise addition of a solution of Et₃N (17.72ml) in THF (200 mL) and the reaction was stirred for overnight withgradual warming to room temperature. The reaction vessel was then placedin the freezer (−5° C.) for 1 hour to induce precipitation oftriethylamine hydrochloride, which was removed by filtration. Thefiltrate was concentrated to dryness to yield a residue, which wasvigorously stirred in MeOH (400 mL) for 1 h and then filtered to yield(N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxyl-imido)-4-nitro-benzoate as awhite solid (42.03 g, yield: 92%).

General Procedures General Procedure for Nosylation

To a stirring solution of 6′-PNZ, 2′,3-diBoc-sisomicin (1.5 mmol) in 15ml chloroform and 15 ml 5% Sodium Bicarbonate solution was added2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.68 mmol), and the reaction wasallowed to stir for 1.5 hours. The reaction progress was monitored byLC-MS. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with chloroformand was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine solution.After evaporation of solvent, the reaction mixture was purified by HPLC.The product was obtained as an off-white solid. (M+H=1013).

General Procedure for De-Nosylation

To a stirring solution of the nosyl protected sisomicin derivative (0.12mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL) was added benzenethiol (0.24 mmol), K2CO3(0.36 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at roomtemperature, with its progress monitored by MS. Upon completion, thereaction mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted withchloroform (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water(2×5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentratedto dryness, purified through silica gel chromatography with 5% MeOH indichloromethane with 0.1% Et₃N. Note that the R group in the schemeabove has the same definition as R₁₁ in any of the relevant Formulaedescribed herein.

General Procedure for Boc Deprotection

Before Boc deprotection, a sample must be dried well by pumping at highvacuum for 3 h.

To a stirring solution of the Boc protected sisomicin (0.054 mmol) inDCM (1 mL) were added trifluoroacetic acid (0.6 mL). The reaction wasstirred at room temperature for 1 h, and checked for completeness by MS.Upon completion the reaction mixture was. Evaporated off, 5-10 mL H2Owas added and after dried over lyophilization. Note that the R′ group inthe scheme above has the same definition as R₁₁ in any of the relevantFormulae described herein.

General Procedure for PNZ Deprotection

To a stirring solution of the PNZ protected sisomicin derivative (0.054mmol) in EtOH (1.5 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was added 1N NaOH (0.3 mL),followed by Na₂S₂O₄ (0.315 mmol), and the reaction mixture was heated at70° C. for 6 hours. The reaction progress was monitored by MS. Oncereaction was completed, the reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (5 mL)and then extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layerswere washed with H₂O (2×5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filteredand concentrated to dryness. Note that the R′ group in the scheme abovehas the same definition as R₁₁ in any of the relevant Formulae describedherein.

Provided below are examples of benzenesulfonyl, methyl sulfonyl and/orbenzoyl substitutions at the 1N-position, 3″N-position, or 1N- and3″N-positions of sisomicin. For each of these compounds, the first stepwas the PNZ protection followed by the Boc protection as outlined below.

Example 1 6′-PNZ-Sisomicin

To a stirring solution of sisomicin (15.00 g) in MeOH (300 mL) was addedZn(OAc)₂ (18.44 g) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour untilall the zinc had gone into solution. A solution of(N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxyl-imido)-4-nitro-benzoate (11.77 g)was then added over 20 mins and the reaction was allowed to stirovernight. The reaction was then concentrated to dryness; the crudeproduct was slowly added to a vigorously stirring solution of 10% aqNH₄OH (255 mL).

The aqueous layer was separated, washed with DCM (3×125 mL), and dilutedwith brine (75 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM IPA (7 3v/v, 3×250 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 10% aqNH₄OH/brine (7 3 v/v, 250 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated to yield the desired 6′-PNZ-sisomicin (7.98 g).

Example 2 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-Sisomicin

To a stirring solution of 6′-PNZ-sisomicin (5.0 g) in MeOH (50 mL) wasadded Zn(OAc)₂ (2.93 g) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hoursuntil all solids had dissolved. A solution of Boc anhydride (3.83 g) andTriethylamine (3.3 mL) in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise over 1 hour andthe reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight. The solvent wasremoved by rotary evaporation to yield a residue, which was added inconc. NH₄OH (20 mL) and ethanol (30 mL). It was extracted withchloroform (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filteredand concentrated to dryness and purified by silica gel chromatography toyield the desired 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-sisomicin (4.0 g). This product wasthe major intermediary starting material for all selective modificationspresented.

Example 3 1-Benzenesulfonly-Sisomicin

To a stirring solution of 6′-PNZ, 2′,3-diBoc-sisomicin (0.49 mmol, 0.407g) in 4 ml chloroform and 4 ml 5% Sodium Bicarbonate solution was addedBenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.54 mmol), and the reaction was allowed tostir for 5 minutes at 0° C. and 20 min at room temperature. The reactionprogress was monitored by LC-MS. Upon completion, the reaction mixturewas diluted with chloroform and was washed with saturated sodiumbicarbonate and brine solution. After evaporation of solvent, thereaction mixture was purified by HPLC. The product was obtained as anoff-white solid (0.193 g). This product was then de-Boc'ed to obtain thefinal product following the general procedure for removing the bocprotective group.

40 mg 1-Benzenesufonyl-sisomicin was obtained after HPLC purificationfrom 0.193 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Benzenesulfonyl-sisomicin following thegeneral procedure for PNZ deprotection and the general procedure for Bocdeprotection. PNZ deprotection was performed at room temperature and wascompleted at 1 hour; the product was purified by silica gelchromatograph (5% MeOH in chloroform with 0.1% Et₃N).

Example 4 1,3″-Dibenzenesulfonyl-Sisomicin

0.350 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1,3″-dibenzenesulfonyl-sisomicin was obtainedfollowing the procedure for6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Benzenesulfonyl-sisomicin from 0.726 g6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-sisomicin and 2.1 eq Benzenesulfonyl chloride stirredovernight. 0.173 g 1,3″-dibenzenesulfonyl-sisomicin was obtained from0.350 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1,3″-dibenzenesulfonyl-sisomicin following thesame procedures for PNZ deprotection and Boc deprotection as describedabove.

Example 5 3″-Benzenesulfonyl-Sisomicin

From 1.033 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-sisomicin, following the generalprocedure for nosylation, 0.499 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-sisomicinwas obtained as yellow solid after HPLC purification.

At this point the product was sulfonylated as described previously.

This product is then sequentially denosylated and then de-boc'ed and thePNZ deprotected as follows:

Following the general procedure for de-Nosylation, 0.100 g titlecompound was obtained as white solid after HPLC purification from 0.143g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-3″-Benzenesulfonyl sisomicin.

Then the product is PNZ deprotected as:

Following the general procedure for de-Boc, 54 mg title compound TFAsalt was obtained as yellow solid after HPLC purification from 48 mg2′,3-diBoc-3″-Benzenesulfonyl sisomicin.

Example 6 Other Sisomicin Derivatives

Sisomicin was modified with other substituents such as a Benzoyl groupor a methyl sulfonyl group via methods similar to those described inExamples 1-5.

1-N-methysulfonyl sisomicin and 1,3″-N-methylsulfonyl sisomicin wereprepared from the starting material of boc protected and PNZ protectedsubstrate. 6′-PNZ-3,2′-diboc-sisomicin (0.400 g, 0.48 mmol) wasdissolved in chloroform (8 mL). Diisopropylethyl amine (0.150 mg, 1.16mmol) was added followed by methane sulfonyl chloride (0.085 g, 0.75mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. HPLCanalysis showed the presence of mono- and di-sulfonylated products whichwere isolated by removal of the solvent and purification by HPLC.Treatment of each compound by the general procedure described for PNZand Boc deprotection gave 70 mg each of 1-N-methylsulfonyl sisomicinC₂₀H₃₉N₅O₉S and 1,3″-N-bis-methylsulfonyl sisomicin C₂₁H₄₁N₅O₁₁S₂ as theTFA salts.

The generation of the 3″-methylsulfonyl derivative followed a similarprocedure as that for 3″-benzylsulfonyl sisomicin. The diboc'd andnosylated sisomicin is the intermediate starting material.

From 0.254 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-sisomicin, following the generalprocedure for benzenesulfonylation procedure as described in thesynthesis of 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Benzenesulfonyl-sisomicin, 0.126 gtitle compound was obtained as white solid after HPLC purification.

6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-3″-Methylsulfonyl Sisomicin

Following the general procedure for de-Nosylation, 90 mg of the titlecompound was obtained as white solid after HPLC purification from 0.126g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-3″-Benzenesulfonyl sisomicin.

2′,3-diBoc-3″-Methylsulfonyl Sisomicin

Following the general procedure for PNZ deprotection, 37 mg titlecompound was obtained as yellow solid after HPLC purification from 90 mg6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-3″-methylsulfonyl sisomicin.

3″-Methylsulfonyl Sisomicin

Following the general procedure for de-Boc, 39 mg title compound TFAsalt was obtained as yellow solid after HPLC purification from 37 mg2′,3-diBoc-3″-methylsulfonyl sisomicin.

The Benzoyl-sisomicin derivatives were also prepared using a similarscheme for protection/deprotection. Similar to the procedure for making3″-Benzenesulfonyl-sisomicin, benzoyl chloride instead ofbenzenesulfonyl chloride was used for acylation.

From 0.374 g 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-sisomicin, following the generalprocedure for benzenesulfonylation procedure as described in thesynthesis of 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Benzenesulfonyl-sisomicin, 0.295 g6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-3″-Benzoyl sisomicin was obtained as yellowsolid after HPLC purification.

6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-3″-Benzoyl Sisomicin

Following the general procedure for de-Nosylation, 89 mg title compoundwas obtained as white solid after HPLC purification from 0.295 g6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Nosyl-3″-Benzoyl sisomicin.

3″-Benzoyl Sisomicin

Following the general procedure for PNZ deprotection and the generalprocedure for de-Boc, 61 mg title compound was obtained as yellow solidafter HPLC purification from 89 mg 6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-3″-Benzoylsisomicin.

The 1-benzoyl sisomicin was also produced in a similar fashion startingwith the double boc'ed PNZ protected substrate:

6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc-1-Benzoyl Sisomicin

6′-PNZ-2′,3-diBoc sisomicin (0.400 g, 0.48 mmol) was dissolved in DMF(10 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Diisopropylethylamine (253 μL, 1.45 mmol)benzoic acid (59.0 mg, 0.48 mmol) were added followed bybenzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate (BOP) (0.214 g, 0.48 mmol). The mixture was stirredat 0-25° C. for 1 h 15 min. After standard workup and HPLC purification,the title compound was obtained (0.438 g) (M+H=932).

2′,3-diBoc-1-Benzoyl Sisomicin

Following the standard procedure for removal of the PNZ protecting groupthe title compound was obtained (0.256 g, 69% yield) as the TFA saltafter HPLC purification, (M+H=752).

1-Benzoyl Sisomicin

Following the standard procedure for removal of the Boc protectinggroups the title compound was obtained (0.238 g, 92% yield) as the TFAsalt after HPLC purification, mass spectrum (M+H=552.303).

Examples of aminoglycoside derivatives synthesized and their MS data areprovided in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 MS Structure (M + H)

  Exact Mass: 525.25 526.254

  Exact Mass: 551.30 552.303

  Exact Mass: 587.26 588.270

  Exact Mass: 525.25 526.254

  Exact Mass: 551.30 552.303

  Exact Mass: 587.26 588.270

  Exact Mass: 603.22 604.232

  Exact Mass: 655.32 656.329

  Exact Mass: 727.26 728.263

Example 7 Conversion of TFA Salt of Aminoglycosides to Sulfate Salt

The TFA salt as shown in the scheme above (17.66 mg, 0.018 mmol) wasdissolved in Water (0.1 mL). The pH was about 5. NH₄OH (10 μL) was addedto raise the pH to about 7. Ammonium sulfate (4.76 mg, 0.036 mmol) wasadded and then the solution was added dropwise to vigorously stirredmethanol (2.000 mL, which was a sufficient amount of methanol used asthe anti-solvent to precipitate the desired product.) The resultingsolid was isolated in portions (e.g., 1 mL resulting mixture to acentrifuge tube at a time) by centrifugation, and rinsed with methanol(2×0.5 mL).

Example 8 Biological Activity

Both antimicrobial activity and ototoxicity in several of thesynthesized compounds were assessed. To test antimicrobial activity, anE. coli assay was used to test both minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC) as well as minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC). A crosssection of results was presented in FIG. 1, for control and a variety oftested compounds. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, antimicrobial activitywas maintained but it depends specifically on the nature of thesubstituent. Antimicrobial activity remained stable for each compoundover time.

Ototoxicity was also assayed using cochlea organ of corti cultures. Thecultures were made at 4 days post birth (P4), cultured for 1 day andthen treated for 1 hour with test compound. The tissue was then washedand cultured for an additional two days at which time the tissue isfixed and stained so that hair cell counts could be obtained. Thismethod is similar to that used previously in characterizingaminoglycoside ototoxicity (Alharazneh et al., 2011). Fixed regions atthe apex, middle, and base of the cochlea were imaged and cell countsobtained. FIG. 2 shows example of parvalbumin labeled hair cells fromcontrol (A), parent aminoglycoside (B) or tested novel aminoglycoside(C) treated tissue. FIG. 2A (with controls) shows that all hair cellswere intact. FIG. 2B demonstrates that the tissue, following two daysafter a 1 hr incubation with sisomicin, had no hair cells remained. FIG.2C shows that the tissue, with a similar treatment paradigm with1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin, had no hair cell loss. Data werequantified across cochlear regions for this same compound.Quantification was by counting the number of outer hair cells presentover a given distance. A summary of these data is presented in FIG. 3.At the same concentration the parent compound kills more than 90% ofouter hair cells in the base and middle and about 60% of the cells atthe apex. The test compound (i.e., 1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin) did notcause any hair cell loss at any of the cochlea regions tested. A doseresponse curve was created for the parent compound as well as the testednovel aminoglycoside. This is presented in FIG. 4. Here plots ofcompound concentration against percent damage again illustrate the lackof toxicity of the novel aminoglycoside. The data were fit with HillEquation and Kds of 120 μM and 1.5 mM obtained for parent sisomicin and1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin, respectively. In other words, 1N-methylsulfonyl sisomicin is more than 10× less toxic than the parent compound.This particular compound also retained antimicrobial activity. Othersisomicin derivatives were also tested for ototoxicity. 3″N-methylsulfonyl sisomicin and 1N,3″N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin were aboutequally non-ototoxic as 1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin. 1N phenyl sulfonylsisomicin was about 80% less toxic than sisomicin. 3″N- and1N,3″N-phenyl sulfonyl derivatives were about equally ototoxic assisomicin. 1N benzoyl sisomicin was 30% less toxic and 3″N-benzoylsisomicin was about 60% less toxic than the parent compound. Therhodamine tagged sisomicin was equally as toxic as the parent compound.

Ototoxicity of the aminoglycosides derivatives was also tested onanimals. A mouse model was developed for hearing loss using sisomicin asthe parent compound, combined with furosemide as co-treatment. Prior tohearing loss development, an LD₅₀ value was obtained by injectingintraperitoneally with either sisomicin or the 1N-methyl sulfonylderivative. As shown in FIG. 5, the LD₅₀ of 1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicinis 3× higher than LD₅₀ of the parent sisomicin. Auditory brainstemresponses (ABR) as well as distortion product otoacoustic emissions(DPOAEs) were measured prior to drug treatments and 1 week following asingle high dose administered intraperitoneally concomitantly with asingle dose of furosemide. Results presented in FIGS. 6A and 6B showthat at comparable high doses, 175 mg/kg, sisomicin treatment resultedin more than 60% hearing loss measured by both parameters, while thetreatment with 1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin (labeled as N1 in thisfigure) showed no measurable hearing loss. Histological preparations ofthe cochlea following measurements similarly showed no loss of haircells with 1N-methyl sulfonyl sisomicin treatment as compared tosignificant hair cell loss using the parent sisomicin compound.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientificarticles referred to herein is incorporated by reference for allpurposes.

EQUIVALENTS

The invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoingembodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrativerather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of theinvention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by theforegoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

1. A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein the

bond is a single bond or double bond; each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independentlyis H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a), C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), orS(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2, and each of R_(a) and R_(b),independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b), together with the N atom towhich they are attached, form a 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 or 1 additional heteroatom; and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring formed by R_(a) and R_(b), isoptionally substituted; each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄, independently,is H or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; each of R₃₁ and R₃₂,independently, is H or OH; R₄₁ is H or CH₂OH; and each of R₅₁ and R₅₂,independently, is OH, NH₂, unsubstituted mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, orunsubstituted di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, provided that at least one of R₁₁ andR₁₂ is not H; further when R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a), then (i)R_(a) is not alkyl substituted with NH₂ or (ii) R_(a) is unsubstitutedalkyl or alkyl substituted with one or more -Q-T, wherein Q is a bond orC₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T is H, halo, cyano, —OR_(c), —C(O)R_(c),—C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c),—S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), R_(S1), —NHR_(S1), or —N(R_(S1))₂, inwhich each of R_(c) and R_(d), independently is H or R_(S2), each ofR_(S1) and R_(S2), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl; or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom to which theyare attached, form a 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or1 additional heteroatom or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl.
 2. The compoundof claim 1, wherein R₁₁ is H and R₁₂ is not H.
 3. The compound of claim2, wherein R₁₂ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a).
 4. The compound of claim 1,wherein R₁₂ is H and R₁₁ is not H.
 5. The compound of claim 4, whereinR₁₁ is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a).
 6. The compound of claim 1, whereinneither of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is H.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein each ofR₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is C(O)R_(a) or S(O)₂R_(a).
 8. The compound ofclaim 1, wherein each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl, eachoptionally substituted with one or more -Q-T, wherein Q is a bond orC₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T is H, halo, cyano, —NR_(c)R_(d),—C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c),—NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), or R_(S1), in whicheach of R_(c) and R_(d), independently is H or R_(S2), each of R_(S1)and R_(S2), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom to which they are attached,form a 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additionalheteroatom.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein each of R_(a)independently is methyl or ethyl each of which is optionally substitutedby one or more halo or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedC₃-C₁₀ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀ alkynyl, optionallysubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted 5 to 10-memberedheteroaryl.
 10. The compound of claim 1, each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄,independently, is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl,oxo, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;
 11. Thecompound of claim 10, wherein each of R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄,independently, is H or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 12. The compound claim1, wherein the compound is of Formula (II) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:


13. The compound of claim 12, wherein the compound is of any of Formula(IIA), (IIB), or (IIC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:


14. A compound of Formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein each of R₁₁ and R₁₂ independently is H, C(O)R_(a), C(O)OR_(a),C(O)NHR_(a), C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), or S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which n is 1, or 2,and each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 14-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b),together with the N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatom;and each of R_(a), R_(b), and the 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringformed by R_(a) and R_(b), is optionally substituted; provided that atleast one of R₁₁ and R₁₂ is not H; R₂₄ is H or methyl; R₃₁ and R₃₂ arethe same and are H or OH; and R₅₁ is OH, NH₂, or NHCH₃.
 15. The compoundof claim 14, wherein the compound is of any of Formulae (IIIA)-(IIIF) ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:


16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (IV) ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein each of R₅₁ and R₅₂, independently, is OH or NH₂.
 17. Thecompound of claim 16, wherein the compound is of any of Formulae(IVA)-(IVE) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:


18. A compound selected from those listed in Table 1 or 2, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 19. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 20. Amethod of treating a bacterial infection comprising administering to asubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.